On World Cancer Day, health authorities are emphasizing prevention as the most powerful tool against cancer, Europe’s second-leading cause of death. The European Code Against Cancer, now in its fifth edition, outlines 14 evidence-based measures for individuals and policymakers to reduce cancer risk.

The Cancer Challenge in Europe

Cancer remains a major public health challenge across Europe. In 2022, approximately 1.3 million people in the European Union died from cancer. Projections indicate new cancer diagnoses could rise by 18% and deaths by 26% by 2040, with the overall cost exceeding €93 billion annually.

14 Prevention Recommendations

According to Professor Thanos Dimopoulos, at least 40% of cancers are preventable, and following these guidelines may also reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses. Key recommendations include:

  • Avoid smoking and vaping – Seek help from cessation centers if needed.
  • Protect yourself from secondhand smoke – Keep homes and cars smoke-free.
  • Maintain a healthy weight – Limit high-calorie, sugary, fatty, and salty foods.
  • Stay physically active – Reduce sedentary time in daily life.
  • Eat a balanced diet – Focus on whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes; limit red and processed meats.
  • Avoid alcohol – Refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages.
  • Breastfeed – Support long-term health benefits for both mother and child.
  • Limit sun exposure – Use sunscreen, especially for children; avoid tanning beds.
  • Workplace safety – Identify and minimize exposure to carcinogens at work.
  • Radon awareness – Test indoor radon levels and reduce exposure if necessary.
  • Reduce air pollution exposure – Use public transport, walk or cycle, and support clean-air policies.
  • Prevent infection-related cancers – Vaccinate against hepatitis B and HPV; follow screening for hepatitis B, C, HIV, and Helicobacter pylori.
  • Hormone replacement therapy – Use minimally and only after medical consultation.
  • Participate in organized screening programs – Recommended screenings include:
    • Colorectal cancer (ages 50–69)
    • Breast cancer (women 45–74)
    • Cervical cancer (women 21–65)
    • Lung cancer (ages 50–80 for current or recent smokers)

Policy and Individual Action

For the first time, the 5th edition of the European Code urges policymakers to create environments that make healthy choices easier, highlighting the importance of preventive strategies at both personal and population levels.